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Summary Table

Category	Key Points
Risk Factors	Middle-aged to older adults (40 to 60 years), female predominance, dyslipidemia (especially elevated LDL, low HDL), familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cholangitis, smoking
Etiology	Dermal deposition of cholesterol-rich lipids and foamy macrophages (foam cells); approximately half of patients have abnormal lipid profiles, the remainder are normolipemic
Patient Presentation	Asymptomatic, slowly enlarging yellow plaques on the eyelids; usually a cosmetic concern; bilateral and symmetric
Classic Physical Exam	Yellow to orange, soft, flat or slightly raised plaques on the medial aspect of the upper eyelid (most common); bilateral, well-demarcated, non-tender, non-ulcerated
Key Diagnostic Results	Clinical diagnosis; fasting lipid panel (often elevated total cholesterol and LDL); histopathology shows lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells) in the superficial dermis
Management	Treat underlying dyslipidemia (statin therapy, lifestyle modification); lesion removal via surgical excision, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel, ablative laser, cryotherapy, or radiofrequency; counsel on high recurrence rate
Keywords	"Yellow plaques on eyelids," "medial canthus," "bilateral symmetric soft plaques," "foam cells," "lipid-laden histiocytes," "xanthoma of eyelid"

1. Pathophysiology

Xanthelasma forms when cholesterol esters and other lipids accumulate within the dermis of the eyelid skin. Circulating lipoproteins, particularly LDL, leak through capillary walls into the perivascular dermis. Tissue macrophages phagocytose this lipid, transforming into foam cells (lipid-laden histiocytes). Because eyelid skin is the thinnest in the body and has loose connective tissue, even modest lipid deposits become visible as soft yellow plaques.

The pathogenesis explains two important clinical observations. First, the lesions are asymptomatic, since the deposits are inert and do not provoke inflammation or vascular compromise. Second, the lesions are bilateral and symmetric, because the underlying driver is a systemic metabolic process rather than a local injury.

A high-yield concept tested often is that roughly 50% of patients with xanthelasma have a normal lipid panel. In these normolipemic patients, the mechanism involves increased vascular permeability, qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities, and local oxidative modification of LDL within the eyelid tissue. Despite normal serum lipids, xanthelasma remains an independent marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. This is the single most testable pearl: a normal lipid panel does not exclude the diagnosis and does not eliminate cardiovascular risk.

When xanthelasma appears in a young patient, especially with tendon xanthomas or a family history of premature coronary disease, the underlying cause is usually familial hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous LDL receptor defect). When xanthelasma appears alongside pruritus, fatigue, and cholestatic liver enzymes, suspect primary biliary cholangitis, where impaired biliary excretion of cholesterol drives marked hyperlipidemia.

2. Classification of Cutaneous Xanthomas

Xanthelasma is one type within a broader family of xanthomas. Distinguishing them is frequently tested.

Type of Xanthoma	Location	Associated Lipid Disorder
Xanthelasma palpebrarum	Eyelids, especially medial canthus	Hypercholesterolemia or normolipemic
Tendinous xanthoma	Achilles tendon, extensor tendons of hands	Familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa)
Tuberous xanthoma	Extensor surfaces (elbows, knees, knuckles)	Familial hypercholesterolemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)
Eruptive xanthoma	Buttocks, shoulders, extensor surfaces; sudden crops of yellow papules	Severe hypertriglyceridemia (Type I, IV, V); pancreatitis risk
Palmar xanthoma (xanthoma striatum palmare)	Palmar creases	Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III, ApoE2/E2)
Plane xanthoma (diffuse)	Large flat yellow patches over wide areas	Paraproteinemia, multiple myeloma, secondary hyperlipidemia

A useful mnemonic is to match location to lipid pattern: eyelids point to cholesterol, palmar creases point to remnant disease, eruptive papules on the buttocks point to triglycerides.

3. Diagnostic Workup

Test	Purpose	Findings
Clinical inspection	Best initial step (diagnosis is clinical)	Yellow soft plaques on medial eyelids, bilateral
Fasting lipid panel	Screen for dyslipidemia	Elevated total cholesterol, elevated LDL, possibly low HDL
Fasting glucose / HbA1c	Rule out diabetes mellitus	Hyperglycemia in undiagnosed diabetics
TSH	Rule out hypothyroidism (secondary cause)	Elevated TSH if hypothyroid
Liver function tests (alkaline phosphatase, GGT)	Rule out cholestatic liver disease	Elevated ALP and GGT in primary biliary cholangitis
Skin biopsy with histopathology	Most accurate / confirmatory test (only if diagnosis uncertain)	Foam cells (lipid-laden macrophages) in superficial dermis

The best initial step is recognizing the lesion clinically. Xanthelasma is one of the few diagnoses where the visual pattern alone is sufficient: soft, yellow, bilateral plaques on the medial eyelids in a middle-aged adult need no biopsy on first encounter.

After visual diagnosis, the next priority is to investigate the underlying cause and quantify cardiovascular risk. Order a fasting lipid panel in every patient. Add TSH, fasting glucose or HbA1c, and liver enzymes to screen for hypothyroidism, diabetes, and primary biliary cholangitis, since these are correctable secondary drivers.

The most accurate test for confirming the diagnosis when there is genuine uncertainty (for instance, distinguishing it from necrobiotic xanthogranuloma or sarcoidosis) is skin biopsy. Histology shows clusters of foam cells in the superficial dermis with surrounding fibrosis, without the necrobiotic granulomas or atypical giant cells that suggest other diagnoses. Biopsy is rarely needed in straightforward cases.

When xanthelasma appears in a patient under 40 years of age, escalate the workup. Check for tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus, and a family history of premature coronary disease. These suggest heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, which warrants aggressive lipid-lowering therapy and family screening.

4. Management and Treatment

Domain	Intervention	Notes
Lifestyle	Diet low in saturated fat, weight reduction, exercise, smoking cessation	Foundation of therapy in all patients
Pharmacologic (lipid control)	Statin therapy (atorvastatin 10 to 80 mg once daily, or rosuvastatin 5 to 40 mg once daily)	First-line for elevated LDL; lifelong if dyslipidemia persists
Adjunct lipid therapy	Ezetimibe 10 mg once daily; PCSK9 inhibitors in familial hypercholesterolemia	Add when LDL goal not reached on maximally tolerated statin
Treat secondary causes	Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism; ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cholangitis; glycemic control in diabetes	Often improves lipid profile without further drug therapy
Lesion removal (cosmetic)	Surgical excision, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 50 to 100% peel, CO2 or erbium:YAG laser ablation, cryotherapy, radiofrequency	Choice depends on lesion size, depth, and location
Patient counseling	Recurrence rate approximately 40% after any removal modality; cardiovascular risk persists even after cosmetic clearance	Reinforces need for systemic management

The cornerstone of management is systemic, not cosmetic. The lesion itself is harmless, but its presence flags elevated cardiovascular risk that must be addressed. The first step in any patient is lifestyle modification combined with statin therapy when LDL is above target. Atorvastatin 10 to 40 mg once daily is a reasonable starting dose, titrated to LDL response. In patients with familial hypercholesterolemia or established atherosclerotic disease, treatment is intensified with high-dose statin, ezetimibe, and where indicated, PCSK9 inhibitors.

When a secondary cause is identified, treat it directly. Levothyroxine restores euthyroid lipid metabolism and may resolve the dyslipidemia entirely. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the mainstay for primary biliary cholangitis. Glycemic optimization in diabetes also lowers atherogenic lipid fractions.

For the lesion itself, removal is purely cosmetic. The standard options include surgical excision (preferred for thick, well-defined plaques and considered the gold standard for solitary lesions), TCA chemical peel (effective for thin and superficial plaques), CO2 or erbium:YAG laser ablation, cryotherapy, and radiofrequency ablation. Each carries a risk of pigmentary change, scarring, ectropion, or recurrence. Patients must be counseled that recurrence approaches 40%, particularly if the underlying lipid disorder is not corrected.

The next best step in a patient newly diagnosed with xanthelasma is not removal of the plaque. It is ordering a fasting lipid panel and screening for secondary causes, then initiating lipid-lowering therapy and lifestyle change as indicated. Cosmetic intervention follows only after systemic risk has been addressed.

In pregnancy, statins are contraindicated (Category X). Lipid management relies on diet and bile acid sequestrants such as colesevelam if pharmacologic therapy is essential. In advanced renal failure, statin doses are adjusted (rosuvastatin and pravastatin require dose reduction).

5. Differential Diagnosis and Distractors

Differential Diagnosis	Why It Looks Similar	Key Discriminator
Syringoma	Small flesh-colored to yellowish papules on the lower eyelids, also bilateral	Multiple small dome-shaped papules rather than flat plaques; not yellow; arise from eccrine ducts
Sebaceous hyperplasia	Yellowish papules around the eyes in older adults	Central umbilication with telangiectasias; pearly rather than soft plaque
Milia	Small whitish-yellow lesions around the eyelids	Firm white cysts, much smaller, not soft plaques; contain keratin, not lipid
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma	Yellow periorbital plaques with foam cells on biopsy	Ulcerated, indurated, often atrophic plaques; associated with paraproteinemia and multiple myeloma; histology shows necrobiosis and giant cells
Sarcoidosis (cutaneous)	Yellow-brown periorbital papules or plaques	Apple-jelly color on diascopy; non-caseating granulomas on biopsy; systemic features (hilar adenopathy, uveitis)
Tuberous xanthoma	Also yellow lipid plaques	Located on extensor surfaces (elbows, knees), not eyelids; firm nodules rather than soft plaques
Lipoid proteinosis	Yellow waxy papules on eyelid margins (string of beads sign)	Associated with hoarse voice from infancy and infiltration of larynx; rare genetic disorder

6. Traps and High-Yield Pearls

The most common error is assuming a normal lipid panel rules out xanthelasma or eliminates cardiovascular risk. Approximately half of these patients are normolipemic, yet large cohort studies consistently show that xanthelasma is an independent predictor of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality, separate from measured lipid levels. The test-writer's trap is the vignette of an asymptomatic middle-aged patient with bilateral yellow eyelid plaques and a normal cholesterol level, where the wrong answer is "reassure, no further workup." The right answer is comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment and consideration of statin therapy regardless of lipid level.

A second trap is fixating on cosmetic management. The plaque is harmless. The diagnosis matters because of what it signals. Choosing "excision" before "fasting lipid panel" or "screen for hypothyroidism" loses the question.

A third trap is missing familial hypercholesterolemia in a young patient. Xanthelasma in a patient under 40, especially with corneal arcus or tendon xanthomas, is heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia until proven otherwise. The answer involves family screening and aggressive LDL lowering, often with high-intensity statin plus ezetimibe and sometimes PCSK9 inhibitors.

The core competencies tested are: recognizing the lesion clinically without overinvestigating, understanding that the plaque is a window into systemic atherosclerotic risk rather than a primary disease, sequencing the workup correctly (clinical recognition, then lipid panel and secondary cause screen, then treatment of the underlying disorder, and only finally cosmetic removal), and distinguishing xanthelasma from its periorbital mimics by morphology and distribution.

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