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Summary Table

Feature	Detail
Risk Factors	Children < 5 years, recent upper respiratory infection, sinusitis (ethmoid), eyelid trauma, insect bite, impetigo, dacryocystitis, unvaccinated against H. influenzae type b
Etiology	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae; in unvaccinated children consider Haemophilus influenzae type b; polymicrobial if post-traumatic
Patient Presentation	Acute unilateral eyelid swelling, redness, warmth, and tenderness; the child may have fever and a preceding history of sinusitis or skin break
Classic Physical Exam	Erythematous and edematous eyelid; intact extraocular movements, no proptosis, no pain with eye movement, normal visual acuity, normal pupillary reflex
Key Diagnostic Results	Clinical diagnosis; CT orbits with contrast shows inflammation anterior to the orbital septum with no postseptal fat stranding or muscle enlargement; leukocytosis on CBC
Management	Mild: oral amoxicillin-clavulanate; moderate-to-severe or age < 1 year: IV ampicillin-sulbactam or IV ceftriaxone + vancomycin (if MRSA concern); warm compresses; close follow-up to monitor for orbital extension
Keywords	"Eyelid swelling with full extraocular movements," "no proptosis," "no pain on eye movement," "anterior to the orbital septum," "recent insect bite on eyelid," "normal vision"

1. Pathophysiology

The orbital septum is the key anatomical structure for understanding this condition. It is a thin fibrous sheet that extends from the periosteum of the orbital rim (the arcus marginalis) and inserts into the tarsal plates of both the upper and lower eyelids. This septum functions as a physical barrier, separating the superficial preseptal space (eyelid soft tissue) from the deep postseptal space (orbital contents including the globe, extraocular muscles, and optic nerve).

In preseptal cellulitis, the infectious and inflammatory process is confined anterior to the orbital septum. Because the infection does not breach this barrier, all orbital structures remain uninvolved. This is precisely why extraocular movements remain full, the globe is not displaced (no proptosis), vision stays intact, and there is no pain with eye movement. The clinical presentation is entirely limited to the eyelid and surrounding skin.

There are three primary routes by which infection reaches the preseptal space. The most common in young children is contiguous spread from the paranasal sinuses, particularly the ethmoid sinuses, since the medial orbital wall (lamina papyracea) is extremely thin and the ethmoid sinuses are anatomically adjacent. The second route is direct inoculation through breaks in the skin surface, such as insect bites, minor lacerations, or extension from local skin infections like impetigo or hordeolum. The third and least common route is hematogenous seeding, historically associated with H. influenzae type b bacteremia in unvaccinated infants, though this has declined substantially with widespread Hib vaccination.

The inflammatory response follows a straightforward pathway: bacterial invasion of the subcutaneous tissue triggers neutrophil recruitment, capillary dilation, and increased vascular permeability. This produces the cardinal signs of infection in the eyelid: erythema, edema, warmth, and tenderness. The loose areolar tissue of the eyelid has minimal structural resistance to fluid accumulation, which explains why even mild infections can produce dramatic swelling that may close the eye completely. Despite the impressive appearance, this swelling alone does not indicate orbital involvement.

2. Classification and Clinical Manifestation

Chandler Classification of Orbital Complications of Sinusitis

This classification is critical because it places preseptal cellulitis in context with its more dangerous progression. Test-writers commonly present a vignette at one stage and ask you to either identify the stage or recognize when a patient has progressed to the next.

Stage	Name	Key Features	Orbital Septum Status
I	Preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis	Eyelid edema and erythema; full EOM; no proptosis; normal vision	Infection anterior to septum
II	Orbital cellulitis	Chemosis, proptosis, painful/limited EOM, decreased visual acuity	Infection posterior to septum, diffuse orbital fat inflammation
III	Subperiosteal abscess	Proptosis with globe displacement (typically inferolateral), restricted EOM, fluctuant mass along orbital wall	Pus collection between periosteum and orbital bone
IV	Orbital abscess	Severe proptosis, complete ophthalmoplegia, marked vision loss	Discrete abscess within orbital fat
V	Cavernous sinus thrombosis	Bilateral eye findings, cranial nerve palsies (CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI), altered mental status, high fever, meningeal signs	Septic thrombus in cavernous sinus

Preseptal vs. Orbital Cellulitis

This is the single most tested comparison in any vignette involving periorbital swelling. You must be able to distinguish these two conditions rapidly.

Clinical Feature	Preseptal Cellulitis	Orbital Cellulitis
Eyelid edema and erythema	Present	Present
Proptosis	Absent	Present
Pain with eye movement	Absent	Present
Extraocular motility	Full and intact	Restricted
Visual acuity	Normal	Decreased
Pupillary reflex	Normal	May show RAPD (relative afferent pupillary defect)
Chemosis (conjunctival swelling)	Absent or minimal	Often present
Fever	Variable; may be low-grade	Often high-grade
Systemic toxicity	Mild	Significant

3. Diagnostic Workup

Test	Role	Key Findings
Clinical examination	Best initial assessment	Eyelid erythema/edema, full EOM, no proptosis, normal vision
CT orbits with IV contrast	Best imaging study when diagnosis is uncertain or orbital cellulitis cannot be excluded	Preseptal: soft tissue swelling anterior to septum; Orbital: postseptal fat stranding, muscle enlargement, abscess
CBC with differential	Supporting evidence	Leukocytosis with left shift
Blood cultures	Identify bacteremia	Obtain in febrile children, immunocompromised patients, or toxic-appearing patients
Wound culture	Identify causative organism if wound present	Guides targeted antibiotic therapy

The diagnosis of preseptal cellulitis is fundamentally clinical. When a child presents with acute unilateral eyelid swelling, the first and most important task is determining whether the infection is preseptal or has extended into the orbit. This distinction is made at the bedside by systematically evaluating the five critical signs: extraocular motility, proptosis, pain on eye movement, visual acuity, and pupillary responses. If all five are normal, the infection is preseptal.

CT of the orbits with intravenous contrast is the imaging modality of choice when the clinical examination is equivocal, when the patient is uncooperative (as often happens with young children whose eyelids are swollen shut), or when there is clinical concern for progression to orbital cellulitis. On CT, preseptal cellulitis shows soft tissue inflammation and thickening confined anterior to the orbital septum. There is no postseptal fat stranding, no extraocular muscle enlargement, and no rim-enhancing fluid collection. If any of these postseptal findings are present, the diagnosis shifts to orbital cellulitis or subperiosteal/orbital abscess.

A complete blood count is useful as a supporting test. Leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance supports an infectious process and can help gauge severity. Blood cultures should be drawn in any child who appears toxic, has high fever, or is under 1 year of age, because younger infants have higher risk of bacteremia. If a skin wound or abscess is present, wound culture with sensitivity testing helps guide antibiotic selection, particularly in areas with high MRSA prevalence.

MRI is not typically the first-line imaging modality for this condition but offers superior soft tissue contrast compared to CT. It may be considered if CT findings are inconclusive or if there is concern for intracranial complications (cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, epidural abscess).

Key decision point for test-writers: The vignette will often describe a child with a swollen eye and ask what is the "next best step." If the child has normal EOM and no proptosis, the answer is outpatient antibiotics and close follow-up, not CT imaging. CT is reserved for unclear presentations, clinical deterioration, or inability to adequately assess orbital signs.

4. Management and Treatment

Severity	Patient Profile	Treatment	Duration
Mild	Age > 1 year, afebrile or low-grade fever, no systemic toxicity, reliable follow-up	Oral amoxicillin-clavulanate 875/125 mg (adults) or 45 mg/kg/day divided q12h (children)	7 to 10 days
Mild with MRSA concern	History of MRSA, abscess, or failed initial therapy	Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (8-12 mg/kg/day TMP divided q12h) plus amoxicillin-clavulanate (for streptococcal coverage)	7 to 10 days
Moderate to severe	Age < 1 year, high fever, toxic appearance, failed oral therapy, unable to tolerate PO	IV ampicillin-sulbactam 200 mg/kg/day (ampicillin component) divided q6h	Until clinical improvement, then step down to oral to complete 7 to 10 days total
Severe with MRSA concern	Toxicity, known MRSA colonization, abscess formation	IV vancomycin 15 mg/kg/dose q6h plus IV ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day	Adjust based on culture and sensitivity
Abscess present	Fluctuant eyelid collection	Incision and drainage plus systemic antibiotics as above	Based on clinical response

For a well-appearing child older than 1 year with mild preseptal cellulitis, outpatient management with oral amoxicillin-clavulanate is the standard first-line therapy. This agent covers the most common organisms: S. aureus (methicillin-sensitive), S. pyogenes, and S. pneumoniae. The patient must have reliable follow-up arranged within 24 to 48 hours to confirm clinical improvement. Parents should receive explicit return precautions: if the child develops worsening swelling, new-onset pain with eye movement, visual changes, proptosis, or increasing fever, they must return immediately.

Hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics are indicated when the patient is under 1 year of age, appears systemically ill, has high fever, fails to improve after 24 to 48 hours of oral therapy, or when orbital cellulitis cannot be confidently excluded. IV ampicillin-sulbactam provides broad coverage and is the standard empiric regimen. If there is concern for MRSA (based on local epidemiology, prior MRSA infections, or lack of response to beta-lactam therapy), add IV vancomycin and consider switching the beta-lactam to ceftriaxone for gram-negative and streptococcal coverage.

Adjunctive measures include warm compresses applied to the affected eyelid several times daily to promote drainage and comfort. If the underlying source is sinusitis, concurrent treatment of the sinus infection is essential, as the cellulitis will not resolve if the source persists. Nasal saline irrigation and intranasal decongestants may be used as adjuncts.

The critical "next best step" logic for the exam: if a patient with previously diagnosed preseptal cellulitis returns with new-onset proptosis, restricted eye movements, or vision loss, the answer is CT orbits with contrast to evaluate for orbital cellulitis or subperiosteal abscess, followed by IV antibiotics and ophthalmology/ENT consultation for possible surgical drainage.

Contraindications and Considerations

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be avoided in infants younger than 2 months due to the risk of kernicterus. Clindamycin is an alternative when MRSA coverage is needed in patients who cannot tolerate TMP-SMX, though awareness of Clostridioides difficile risk is important. In patients with penicillin allergy, a combination of clindamycin (for gram-positive coverage) plus a fluoroquinolone (for gram-negative coverage in adults) may be used, though fluoroquinolones are generally avoided in children.

5. Differential Diagnosis and Distractors

Diagnosis	Why It Looks Similar	Key Discriminator
Orbital cellulitis	Periorbital swelling, erythema, fever, history of sinusitis	Proptosis, pain with eye movement, restricted EOM, decreased visual acuity are present in orbital cellulitis but absent in preseptal
Allergic reaction / angioedema	Bilateral or unilateral periorbital edema, can be impressive in appearance	Non-tender, no erythema/warmth, often bilateral, may have urticaria; no fever; patient has history of allergen exposure
Nephrotic syndrome	Periorbital edema, especially in children	Bilateral, worse in the morning, non-tender, non-erythematous; associated with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia
Chalazion / hordeolum	Localized eyelid swelling and tenderness	Focal nodular lesion on the eyelid margin (hordeolum) or within the tarsal plate (chalazion); no diffuse eyelid cellulitis
Dacryocystitis	Periorbital swelling with erythema, tenderness, and fever	Swelling is maximal over the medial canthus / lacrimal sac region, with tearing (epiphora) and purulent discharge from the punctum on compression
Insect bite reaction (non-infected)	Eyelid edema following a bite	Central punctum visible, more pruritic than tender, no progressive warmth or erythema beyond the bite; no fever
Cavernous sinus thrombosis	Periorbital swelling, fever, proptosis	Bilateral involvement, cranial nerve palsies (CN VI most commonly affected early), altered mental status, papilledema
Rhabdomyosarcoma (orbital)	Unilateral proptosis and periorbital swelling in a child	Painless progressive proptosis, no acute infectious signs, imaging shows a well-defined orbital mass

6. Traps and High-Yield Pearls

The single most common trap on this topic is confusing preseptal cellulitis with orbital cellulitis. Both present with a swollen, red, painful eyelid, and both can occur in the setting of sinusitis. The vignette will intentionally describe dramatic eyelid swelling to make you think the condition is more serious than it is. The test-writer is assessing whether you can resist the impulse to escalate and instead systematically evaluate for the five cardinal signs of orbital involvement: proptosis, pain with eye movement, restricted extraocular motility, decreased visual acuity, and abnormal pupillary reflex. If the vignette explicitly states that these are all normal, the diagnosis is preseptal regardless of how impressive the swelling sounds.

A second common trap involves the age of the patient. When a vignette describes preseptal cellulitis in an infant under 1 year old, the expected answer shifts from outpatient oral antibiotics to hospital admission with IV antibiotics, even if the presentation seems mild. Young infants have higher risk of bacteremia and rapid progression, and the inability to reliably assess orbital signs in a crying, uncooperative infant lowers the threshold for imaging and admission.

A third pearl: if the vignette describes a patient who was started on oral antibiotics for preseptal cellulitis and returns 48 hours later with worsening symptoms or new orbital signs, the next step is always CT with contrast, not simply switching to a different oral antibiotic. This scenario tests your ability to recognize clinical failure and investigate for abscess formation or orbital extension.

Finally, remember the association between ethmoid sinusitis and orbital complications. The lamina papyracea (medial orbital wall) is paper-thin, and ethmoid infections can penetrate this barrier to produce subperiosteal abscess. When a vignette pairs sinusitis with periorbital swelling and adds any hint of proptosis or eye movement restriction, the test-writer is walking you up the Chandler classification and expects you to identify the appropriate stage and intervene accordingly.

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