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Summary Table

Category	Details
Risk Factors	Older adults; rosacea (strong association with posterior type); seborrheic dermatitis; atopic dermatitis; dry eye disease; contact lens wear; chronic Staphylococcus carriage
Etiology	Anterior blepharitis: Staphylococcus aureus or seborrheic. Posterior blepharitis: meibomian gland dysfunction, frequently linked to rosacea. Mixed type is most common in practice. Demodex folliculorum mite infestation is an additional cause
Patient Presentation	Bilateral, chronic, relapsing complaint of: burning, itching, foreign body sensation, "grittiness," crusting of lashes worst on awakening, red eyelid margins, mild blurring that clears with blinking
Classic Physical Exam	Erythematous and thickened lid margins; collarettes (cylindrical dandruff) at lash bases; telangiectasias along the lid margin; missing or misdirected lashes (madarosis, trichiasis); inspissated, toothpaste-like meibomian secretions on gland expression; rosacea facies (telangiectasia, rhinophyma) in posterior type
Key Diagnostic Results	Clinical diagnosis. Slit lamp examination is the cornerstone; cultures and biopsy are reserved for refractory or atypical cases. Cylindrical sleeves at the lash base suggest Demodex
Management	Eyelid hygiene (warm compresses + lid scrubs) is the foundation for all subtypes. Anterior: topical erythromycin or bacitracin ointment. Posterior: oral doxycycline 50 to 100 mg daily for 2 to 3 months. Artificial tears for ocular surface dryness. Tea tree oil for Demodex
Keywords	"Crusty eyelids on waking," "morning lid crusting," "collarettes at lash bases," "burning, gritty bilateral eyes," "rosacea patient with red, scaly eyelids," "frothy tears," "greasy lid margins," "lid scrubs with dilute baby shampoo"

1. Pathophysiology

Blepharitis is a chronic inflammation of the eyelid margin. The mechanism depends on whether the inflammation is anterior (in front of the gray line, involving the skin and lash follicles) or posterior (behind the gray line, involving the meibomian glands). Most patients have a mixed picture, but examiners want you to differentiate the two because the treatment diverges.

In anterior staphylococcal blepharitis, colonization of the lash bases by Staphylococcus aureus drives the disease through two routes: direct invasion of the follicle and release of bacterial exotoxins that produce an immune-mediated lid margin inflammation. This explains the collarettes (hard, cylindrical scales at the lash base) and the predisposition to recurrent hordeola, ulcerative lid margin disease, marginal corneal infiltrates, and phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. The exotoxin response is the reason these patients can develop corneal complications even without active infection. In seborrheic blepharitis, the lid changes parallel the patient's scalp and eyebrow seborrhea, with greasy, soft scales rather than hard collarettes.

In posterior blepharitis (meibomian gland dysfunction), the meibomian glands of the tarsal plate become obstructed by abnormally thick, waxy lipid. The meibum that does reach the tear film is qualitatively abnormal. Because meibum forms the lipid layer that prevents tear evaporation, the result is evaporative dry eye, which is why these patients complain of burning and grittiness despite a normal Schirmer test. Lipase-producing bacteria (notably Staph and Propionibacterium) split the abnormal meibum into free fatty acids that are pro-inflammatory, perpetuating the cycle. The strong association with rosacea is a high-yield link: any vignette describing a middle-aged adult with facial flushing, telangiectasia, or rhinophyma who presents with chronic ocular irritation should push you toward posterior blepharitis.

The chronic, bilateral, relapsing nature is itself diagnostic. Acute, unilateral, copiously discharging eyes belong in a different diagnostic category.

2. Diagnostic Workup

Test	Role	Findings
Slit lamp examination	Best initial and confirmatory test	Erythematous lid margins, telangiectasias, collarettes, capped or pouting meibomian orifices, abnormal expressed meibum
Meibomian gland expression	Confirms posterior involvement	Thick, turbid, or paste-like secretions instead of clear oil
Lash sampling (epilation, microscopy)	When Demodex suspected	Mites visualized at root of epilated lash; cylindrical "sleeves" on examination
Conjunctival or lid culture	Refractory, severe, or atypical cases only	Identifies resistant Staphylococcus or unusual organisms
Tear film evaluation (TBUT, Schirmer)	Quantifies dry eye component	Reduced tear breakup time in evaporative dry eye
Biopsy	Asymmetric, ulcerative, or non-responding lesion	Rule out sebaceous cell carcinoma masquerading as chronic blepharitis

Blepharitis is a clinical diagnosis. The best initial test is slit lamp examination, and in the vast majority of cases this is also the most accurate test. There is no serologic, radiologic, or laboratory confirmation. The examiner is testing whether you recognize the constellation of bilateral lid margin erythema, lash crusting, and telangiectasia in a patient with a chronic relapsing course.

The order of evaluation runs as follows. First, perform a careful slit lamp examination of the lid margin, lashes, conjunctiva, and tear film. Identifying collarettes points you toward anterior staphylococcal disease, while capped meibomian glands and turbid expression point to posterior disease. Look for cylindrical dandruff, which is pathognomonic for Demodex. Second, examine the cornea for marginal infiltrates, punctate epithelial erosions, or neovascularization, as these dictate urgency. Third, reserve cultures for cases that fail empiric therapy.

A high-yield trap is the patient with unilateral, asymmetric, recurrent blepharitis associated with madarosis (loss of lashes) in the same area. This is not ordinary blepharitis. Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the meibomian gland can masquerade as chronic blepharitis or recurrent chalazion, and the next best step is full thickness lid biopsy.

3. Management and Treatment

Step	Intervention	Notes
All patients	Warm compresses 5 to 10 minutes, twice daily; lid scrubs with dilute baby shampoo or commercial lid cleanser; artificial tears	-
Anterior blepharitis	Topical erythromycin or bacitracin ointment to lid margins at bedtime, 2 to 8 weeks	Targets staphylococcal colonization
Posterior blepharitis (moderate to severe)	Oral doxycycline 50 to 100 mg daily for 2 to 3 months, then taper	Anti-inflammatory effect on meibomian glands; not for antibacterial purposes
Doxycycline alternative	Oral azithromycin or topical azithromycin drops; oral erythromycin	Used in pregnancy, lactation, children under 8
Demodex blepharitis	Tea tree oil lid scrubs (50% in office, 5 to 50% at home); newer lotilaner ophthalmic solution	Twice weekly, 6 weeks
Severe inflammation or marginal keratitis	Short course topical corticosteroid (e.g., loteprednol or fluorometholone)	Monitor intraocular pressure; never long-term
Adjunct for evaporative dry eye	Topical cyclosporine 0.05% or lifitegrast 5% twice daily	Chronic use
Refractory meibomian gland dysfunction	In-office thermal pulsation (e.g., LipiFlow), intraductal probing	After failure of standard therapy

Treatment is anchored on lid hygiene, and you should not move past it on the exam. Warm compresses for 5 to 10 minutes twice daily soften inspissated meibum and loosen lid debris. They are followed by lid scrubs along the lash base using dilute baby shampoo, saline, or a commercial cleanser. This combination addresses both anterior and posterior disease and must be continued long term because blepharitis is a chronic relapsing condition. Patients should be counseled that "cure" is not realistic and that flares occur when hygiene lapses.

For anterior staphylococcal blepharitis, topical antibiotic ointment (erythromycin 0.5% or bacitracin) is applied to the lid margin at bedtime for 2 to 8 weeks. The greasy ointment vehicle also softens crust. For posterior blepharitis with meibomian gland dysfunction, the cornerstone medication is oral doxycycline 50 to 100 mg once daily for 2 to 3 months. The mechanism is anti-inflammatory and lipase-inhibitory rather than antibacterial, which is why the dose is lower than typical antimicrobial dosing and why the duration is prolonged. Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy, lactation, and children under 8 due to teratogenicity and tooth/bone deposition. In these patients, substitute oral or topical azithromycin or oral erythromycin. In renal impairment, doxycycline is generally safe (it is not renally cleared), making it preferable to tetracycline.

If the lid margins are intensely inflamed or there is associated marginal keratitis, a short course of topical corticosteroid such as loteprednol can be added, with monitoring for intraocular pressure rise and avoidance of prolonged use. Demodex blepharitis with cylindrical dandruff is treated with tea tree oil-based lid scrubs; the ophthalmic lotilaner solution is a newer targeted option. For chronic evaporative dry eye, topical cyclosporine or lifitegrast addresses the inflammatory component of the ocular surface.

The next best step logic to memorize:

New patient with classic findings → start lid hygiene plus warm compresses.
Anterior disease not improving → add topical erythromycin or bacitracin ointment.
Posterior or rosacea-associated disease, moderate to severe → add oral doxycycline.
Pregnant patient with posterior disease → substitute oral or topical azithromycin or erythromycin.
Cylindrical dandruff at lash base → add tea tree oil scrubs for Demodex.
Unilateral, asymmetric, with lash loss → stop, biopsy to rule out sebaceous cell carcinoma.

4. Differential Diagnosis and Distractors

Differential Diagnosis	Why it's similar	Key Discriminator
Bacterial conjunctivitis	Red eye, crusting on waking, discharge	Conjunctival injection (not lid margin), purulent discharge, usually unilateral or sequentially bilateral, acute onset over days, no telangiectasias on lid margin
Viral conjunctivitis	Bilateral red, watery eyes, gritty sensation	Acute onset, preauricular lymphadenopathy, watery rather than crusty discharge, recent upper respiratory infection, follicles on tarsal conjunctiva
Allergic conjunctivitis	Itching, bilateral, chronic, conjunctival irritation	Itching is dominant, atopic history, cobblestone papillae on upper tarsus, chemosis, no lid margin telangiectasia or collarettes
Hordeolum (stye)	Red, painful eyelid in patient with blepharitis	Localized, tender, pointing nodule; acute; not the diffuse lid margin inflammation of blepharitis (though blepharitis predisposes to it)
Chalazion	Eyelid lump in a blepharitis-prone patient	Painless, firm, rubbery nodule in the tarsus; not on the lid margin; chronic and non-inflamed
Dry eye syndrome (aqueous deficient)	Burning, grittiness, foreign body sensation	Reduced Schirmer test, no lid margin erythema or collarettes, often Sjögren or post-LASIK; blepharitis is evaporative and Schirmer is normal
Preseptal cellulitis	Red, swollen eyelid	Acute, unilateral, diffuse warm swelling and tenderness of the entire lid, often follows skin trauma or sinusitis; systemic symptoms; not a chronic margin disease
Dacryocystitis	Crusty eye, tearing, medial swelling	Tender, swollen lacrimal sac at the medial canthus, purulent regurgitation on pressure, unilateral
Sebaceous cell carcinoma	Recurrent "blepharitis" or "chalazion" not responding to therapy	Unilateral, asymmetric, with localized madarosis; biopsy mandatory; high mortality if missed
Demodex infestation	Lid margin itching and crusting	Cylindrical dandruff (sleeves) at the base of lashes is pathognomonic; treat with tea tree oil rather than standard antibiotic

5. Traps and High-Yield Pearls

The most common way questions on this topic are missed is by treating the case as conjunctivitis and reaching for topical antibiotic drops. The vignette will give you bilateral, chronic, relapsing morning crusting in a middle-aged adult with rosacea or seborrheic dermatitis, and the wrong answer will be ciprofloxacin drops. The right move is lid hygiene first, with topical antibiotic ointment to the lid margin only if the picture is anterior staphylococcal, and oral doxycycline if the picture is posterior or rosacea-associated. Remember that doxycycline here is anti-inflammatory, not antimicrobial, which is why the duration is months and the dose is sub-antimicrobial. Pregnancy is the classic switcheroo: a pregnant rosacea patient with posterior blepharitis cannot receive doxycycline, and the correct substitution is oral or topical azithromycin or oral erythromycin.

A second trap is the rosacea link. When a vignette mentions a flushing, telangiectatic adult with rhinophyma and chronic eye irritation, the diagnosis is ocular rosacea with posterior blepharitis, not "dry eye" or "allergic conjunctivitis." Rosacea is the underlying condition; the lid disease is the manifestation.

A third trap, and the one that carries true clinical danger, is the patient with unilateral, asymmetric, recurrent "blepharitis" with localized lash loss that has not responded to standard therapy. This is not refractory blepharitis. The answer is full thickness lid biopsy to rule out sebaceous cell carcinoma, a tumor that masquerades as chronic eyelid inflammation and carries a mortality of up to 30 percent when diagnosis is delayed.

The core competency being tested is recognition of a chronic, bilateral, lid margin disease distinct from acute conjunctival infection, correct subtyping into anterior versus posterior to choose the right pharmacotherapy, awareness of the rosacea and Demodex associations, knowledge of the doxycycline mechanism, dosing, and pregnancy contraindication, and the discipline to biopsy any unilateral, atypical, lash-losing case before declaring it benign.

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